home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- WORLD, Page 39AFGHANISTANRebels with Too Many CausesWho's who behind the mujahedin's quarreling factions
-
-
- Neither side in Afghanistan's nine-year-old civil war wasted
- much time last week in attempting to fill the country's power
- vacuum. Just three days after the departure of the last Soviet
- troops based in Afghanistan, as major cities became the target of
- sporadic but deadly rebel rocket attacks, the government of
- President Najibullah abruptly slapped a state-of-emergency decree
- on the country. The mujahedin, meanwhile, after two weeks of
- paralyzing delays, managed to reach at least tentative agreement
- on the leadership of a rival government-in-exile.
-
- Meeting in the Pakistani city of Rawalpindi, Muslim delegates
- to a shura, or consultative assembly, appeared set to nominate as
- Prime Minister of their "interim" government Ahmat Shah, 44, a
- U.S.-trained engineer and hard-line fundamentalist. Muhammad Nabi
- Muhammadi, 68, a former member of Afghanistan's parliament, was
- named to fill the largely ceremonial office of President. The shura
- thus managed to bridge, for the moment, the principal issue
- dividing the rebel side: whether post-Soviet Afghanistan should be
- governed as an Islamic revolutionary state, on the Iranian model,
- or as one that is moderate and secular. Shah strongly advocates the
- fundamentalist approach, and Muhammadi heads one of the moderate
- factions.
-
- While choosing one exemplar of each approach for the interim
- government's two top posts would be an obvious attempt at
- compromise, it would not guarantee that Shah and Muhammadi will be
- able to work together smoothly. Shah, moreover, owes his position
- at least in part to strong backing from the Pakistani intelligence
- service, a source of support that is resented by many Afghans, who
- view it as meddling. Still another weakness of the team is that it
- was being advanced without the agreement of Afghanistan's Shi`ite
- Muslims, who are boycotting the shura.
-
- Despite the fractious relations among the rebel leaders, most
- observers still look to them to make the next move in the Afghan
- showdown. There are seven factions altogether, all rooted in Islam,
- Afghanistan's universal faith. The four fundamentalist leaders:
-
- Burhanuddin Rabbani, 48, heads the Jamiat-i-Islami (Islamic
- League), militarily the strongest Afghan party. A former theology
- professor at Kabul University, Rabbani has fought against Afghan
- governments since 1970. Rabbani's main weakness: his political
- strength lies with the Tajik and Uzbek ethnic groups in a country
- that has traditionally been ruled by Pashtuns.
-
- Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, 41, best-organized and most ruthless of
- the rebel leaders, heads a faction of the Hezb-e-Islami (Islamic
- Party). Despite his outspokenly anti-Western views, he is
- reportedly allotted 25% of the total U.S. weapon supply by the
- Pakistanis, more even than Rabbani. An engineer by training,
- Hekmatyar is a religious extremist who would keep Afghan women in
- purdah.
-
- Maulvi Younus Khalis, 70, the only political leader who also
- regularly serves as a military field commander, leads an
- independent faction of the Islamic Party. A former village mullah
- dismissed as something of a bumpkin by his rivals, Khalis sports
- a henna-dyed beard and in 1987 took a 16-year-old bride. He
- vehemently opposes elections; in his view, the only constitution
- needed for post-Soviet Afghanistan is the Koran.
-
- Abdul Rasul Sayyaf, 48, the least-known but perhaps most
- fanatical of the fundamentalists, runs the Islamic Union for the
- Liberation of Afghanistan. A member of Islam's Wahhabi sect, which
- is prevalent in Saudi Arabia, he operates primarily with Saudi
- funds.
-
- The three nationalists:
-
- Pir Sayed Ahmad Gailani, 56, is the most pro-Western and
- secular of the mujahedin leaders, despite his claim of direct
- descent from the Prophet Muhammad. Gailani's National Islamic Front
- is nicknamed the "Gucci Muj" for its leader's taste in
- well-tailored camouflage uniforms. Though he favors the return of
- exiled King Zahir Shah, Gailani is also a fervent believer in
- Western-style elections.
-
- Muhammadi, the President-designate, heads the
- Harakat-i-Inqilab-i-Islami (Islamic Revolutionary Movement). He is
- a former Muslim educator and is known as a vociferous
- anti-Communist.
-
- Sibghatullah Mojaddedi, 63, presides over the Afghan National
- Liberation Front, the smallest and weakest militarily of the
- resistance parties. Mojaddedi, who speaks five languages, is
- currently chairman of the rebel alliance, but he wields limited
- power.
-
- There was a growing consensus in Washington that whatever the
- short-term twists, the country's eventual government would be
- Islamic in character, though not as radical as Iran's. According
- to this view, the new regime would not only be sufficiently
- decentralized to keep power outside Kabul largely in tribal hands
- but nonthreatening to the Soviets as well. Even the most
- anti-Soviet mujahedin, says a State Department official, realize
- that "the Afghans sleep next to the bear, and so they must act
- accordingly."